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Showing posts with label Cyber Law. Show all posts
REGULATION CERTIFYING AUTHORITIES
REGULATION
CERTIFYING AUTHORITIES
1.
Appointment of Controller and other officers
(1) The
Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint a
Controller of Certifying Authorities for the purpose of this Act and may also
by the same or subsequent notification appoint such of Deputy Controllers and
Assistant Controllers as it deems fit.
(2) The
Controller shall discharge his functions under this Act subject to the general
control and directions of the Central Government.
(3) The
Deputy Controllers and Assistant Controllers shall perform the functions
assigned to them by the Controller under the general superintendence and
control of the Controller.
(4) The
qualifications, experience and terms and conditions of service of Controller,
Deputy Controllers and Assistant Controllers shall be such as may be prescribed
by the Central Government.
(5) The Head
Office and Branch Office of the office of the Controller shall be at such
places as the Central Government may specify, and these may be established at
such places as the Central Government may think fit.
(6) There
shall be a seal of the Office of the Controller.
2. Functions
of Controller
The
Controller may perform all or any of the following functions, namely:-
(a)
exercising supervision over the activities of the Certifying functions, namely
:-
(b)
certifying public keys of the Certifying Authorities;
(c) laying
down the standards to be maintained by the Certifying Authorities;
(d)
specifying the qualifications and experience which employees of the Certifying
Authority should possess;
(e)
specifying the conditions subject to which the Certifying Authorities shall
conduct their business;
(f)
specifying the contents of written, printed or visual materials and
advertisements that may be distributed or used in respect of a Digital
Signature Certificate and the public key;
(g)
specifying the form and content of a Digital Signature Certificate and the key;
(h)
specifying the form and manner in which accounts shall be maintained by the
Certifying Authorities;
(i)
specifying the terms and conditions subject to which auditors may be appointed
and the remuneration to be paid to them;
(j) facilitating
the establishment of any electronic system by a Certifying Authority either
solely or jointly with other Certifying Authorities and regulation of such
systems;
(k)
specifying the manner in which the Certifying Authorities shall conduct their
dealings with the subscribers;
(l)
resolving any conflict of interests between the Certifying Authorities and the
subscribers;
(m) laying
down the duties of the Certifying Authorities;
(n)
maintaining a data base containing the disclosure record of every Certifying
Authority containing such particulars as may be specified by regulations, which
shall be accessible to public.
3.
Recognition of foreign Certifying Authorities
(1) Subject
to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified by regulations, the
Controller may with the previous approval of the Central Government, and by
notification in the Official Gazette, recognise any foreign Certifying
Authority as a Certifying Authority for the purpose of this Act.
(2) Where
any Certifying Authority is recognised under sub-section (1), the Digital
Signature Certificate issued by such Certifying Authority shall be valid for
the purposes of this Act.
(3) The
Controller may, if he is satisfied that the Certifying Authority has
contravened any of the conditions and restrictions subject to which it was
granted recognition under sub-section (1) he may, for reasons to be recorded in
writing in the Official Gazette, revoke such recognition.
4. Controller
to act as repository
(1) The
Controller shall be the repository of all Digital Signature Certificates issued
under this Act.
(2) The
Controller shall-
(a) make use
of hardware, software and procedures that are secure from intrusion and misuse;
(b) observe
such other standards as may be prescribed by the Central Government, to ensure
that the secrecy and security of the digital signatures are assured.
(3) The
Controller shall maintain a computerised data base of all public keys in such a
manner that such data base and the public keys are available to any member of
the public.
5. Licence
to issue Digital Signature Certificates
(1) Subject
to the provisions of sub-section (2), any person may make an application, to
the Controller, for a licence to issue Digital Signature Certificates.
(2) No
licence shall be issued under sub-section (1), unless the applicant fulfills
such requirements with respect to qualification, expertise, manpower, financial
resources and other infrastructure facilities, which are necessary to issue
Digital signature Certificates as may be prescribed by the Central Government.
(3) A
licence granted under this sections shall-
(a) be valid
for such period as may be prescribed by the Central Government;
(b) not be
transferable or heritable;
(c) be
subject to such terms and conditions as may be specified by the regulations.
6.
Application for licence
(1) Every
application for issue of a licence shall be in such form as may be prescribed
by the Central Government.
(2) Every
application for issue of a licence shall be accompanied by-
(a) a
certification practice statement;
(b) a
statement including the procedures with respect to identification of the
applicant;
(c) payment
of such fees, not exceeding twenty-five thousand rupees as may be prescribed by
the Central Government;
(d) such
other documents, as may be prescribed by the Central Government.
7. Renewal
of licence
An
application for renewal of a licence shall be-
(a) in such
form;
(b)
accompanied by such fees, not exceeding five thousand rupees, as may be
prescribed by the Central Government and shall be made not less than forty-five
days before the date of expiry of the period of validity of the licence.
8. Procedure
for grant or rejection of licence
The Controller
may, on receipt of an application under sub-section (1) of section 21, after
considering the documents accompanying the application and such other factors,
as he deems fit, grant the licence or reject the application: Provided that no
application shall be rejected under this section unless the applicant has been
given a reasonable opportunity of presenting his case.
9.
Suspension of licence
(1) The
Controller may, if he is satisfied after making such inquiry, as he may think
fit, that a Certifying Authority has,-
(a) made a
statement in, or in relation to, the application for the issue or renewal of
the licence, which is incorrect or false in material particulars;
(b) failed
to comply with the terms and conditions subject to which the licence was
granted;
(c) failed
to maintain the standards specified under clause (b) of sub-section
(2) of
section 20;
(d)
contravened any provisions of this Act, rule, regulation or order made
thereunder, revoke the licence :
Provided
that no licence shall be revoked unless the Certifying Authority has been given
a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the proposed revocation.
(2) The
Controller may, if he has reasonable cause to believe that there is any ground
for revoking a licence under sub-section (1), by order suspend such licence
pending the completion of any inquiry ordered by him : Provided that no licence
shall be suspended for a period exceeding ten days unless the Certifying
Authority has been given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the
proposed suspension.
(3) No
certifying Authority whose licence has been suspended shall issue any Digital
Signature Certificate during such suspension.
10. Notice
of suspension or revocation of licence
(1) Where
the licence of the Certifying Authority is suspended or revoked, the Controller
shall publish notice of such suspension or revocation, as the case may be, in
the data base maintained by him.
(2) Where
one or more repositories are specified, the Controller shall publish notices of
such suspension or revocation, as the case may be, in all such repositories:
Provided that the data base containing the notice of such suspension or
revocation, as the case may be, shall be made available through a web site
shall be accessible round the clock : Provided further that the Controller may,
if he considers necessary, publicise the contents of data base in such
electronic or other media, as he may consider appropriate.
11. Power to
delegate
The
Controller may, in writing, authorise the Deputy Controller, Assistant
Controller or any officer to exercise any of the powers of the Controller under
this Chapter.
12. Power to
investigate contraventions
(1) The
Controller or any officer authorised by him in this behalf shall take up for
investigation any contravention of the provisions of this Act, rules or
regulations made thereunder.
(2) The
Controller or any officer authorised by him in this behalf shall exercise the
like powers which are conferred on Income-tax authorities under Chapter XIII of
the Income-tax Act, 1961 and shall exercise such powers, subject to such
limitation laid down under that Act.
13. Access
to computers and data
(1) Without
prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 69, the Controller or
any person authorised by him shall, if he has reasonable cause to suspect that
nay contravention of the provisions of this Act, rules or regulations made
thereunder has been committed, have access to any computer system, any
apparatus, data or any other material connected with such system, for the
purpose of searching or causing a search to be made for obtaining any
information or data contained in or available to such computer system.
(2) For the
purpose of sub-section (1), the Controller or any person authorised by him may,
by order, direct any person incharge of, or otherwise concerned with the
operation of, the computer system, data apparatus or material, to provide him
with such reasonable technical and other assistance as he may consider
necessary.
14.
Certifying Authority to follow certain procedures
Every
Certifying Authority shall,-
(a) make use
of hardware, software and procedures that are secure from intrusion and misuse;
(b) provide
a reasonable level of reliability in its services which are reasonably suited
to the performance of intended functions;
(c) adhere
to security procedures to ensure that the secrecy and privacy of the digital
signatures are assured; and
(d) observe
such other standards as may be specified by regulations.
15.
Certifying Authority to ensure compliance of the Act, etc.
Every
Certifying Authority shall ensure that every person employed or otherwise
engaged by it complies, in the course of his employment or engagement, with the
provisions of this Act, rules, regulations and orders made thereunder.
16. Display
of licence
Every
Certifying Authority shall display its licence at a conspicuous place of the
premises in which it carries on its business.
17.
Surrender of licence
(1) Every
Certifying Authority whose licence is suspended or revoked shall immediately
after such suspension or revocation, surrender the licence to the Controller.
(2) Where
any Certifying Authority fails to surrender a licence under sub-section (1),
the person in whose favour a licence is issued, shall be guilty of an offence
and shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend up to six months or a
fine which may extend up to ten thousand rupees or with both.
18.
Disclosure
(1) Every
Certifying Authority shall disclose in the manner specified by regulations-
(a) its
Digital Signature Certificate which contains the public key corresponding to
the private key used by that Certifying Authority to digitally sign another
Digital Signature Certificate;
(b) any
certification practice statement relevant thereto;
(c) notice
of the revocation or suspension of its Certifying Authority certificate, if
any; and
(d) any
other fact that materially and adversely affects either the reliability of a
Digital Signature Certificate, which that Authority has issued, or the
Authority's ability to perform its services.
(2) Where in
the opinion of the Certifying Authority any event has occurred or any situation
has arisen which may materially and adversely affect the integrity of its
computer system or the conditions subject to which a Digital Signature
Certificate was granted, then, the Certifying Authority shall-
(a) use reasonable
efforts to notify any person who is likely to be affected by that occurrence;
or
(b) act in
accordance with the procedure specified in its certification practice statement
to deal with such event or situation.
Cyber Laws
CYBER LAWS
With the advent of Computers as a basic tool of Communication, Information Processing, Information Storage, Physical Devices Control, etc., a whole new Cyber Society has come into existence. This Cyber society operates on a virtual world created by Technology and it is the “Cyber Space Engineering” that drives this world. In maintaining harmony and co-existence of people in this Cyber Space, there is a need for a legal regime which is what we recognize as “Cyber laws”. Cyber Laws are the basic laws of a Society and hence have implications on every aspect of the Cyber Society such as Governance, Business, Crimes, Entertainment, Information Delivery, Education etc.
WHY THE NEED FOR CYBER LAW?
• Coming of the Internet.
• Greatest cultural, economic, political and social transformation in the history of humansociety.
• Complex legal issues arising leading to the development of cyber law.
• Different approaches for controlling, regulating and facilitating electronic communicationand commerce.
CATEGORIES OF CYBER LAWS
• Laws Relating to Digital Contracts
• Laws Relating to Digital Property
• Laws Relating to Digital Rights
• Law of Cyber Crimes
• Aims to provide the legal infrastructure for e-commerce in India.
• India 's codified Cyber law is the Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000).
• Based on the INCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, 1996.
• IT Act is divided into 13 chapters and has 94 sections.
• Amendments to IPC, Indian Evidence Act, Bankers Book Evidence Act and RBI Act havebeen effected.
The Act provides for:
• Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents
• Legal recognition of Electronic commerce Transactions
• Admissibility of Electronic data/evidence in a Court of Law
• Legal Acceptance of digital signatures
• Punishment for Cyber obscenity and crimes
• Establishment of Cyber regulations advisory Committee and the Cyber RegulationsAppellate Tribunal.
• Facilitation of electronic filing maintenance of electronic records.
THE IT ACT, 2000 – OBJECTIVES
• To provide legal recognition for transactions:-
• Carried out by means of electronic data interchange, and
• Other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "electronic commerce",involving the use of alternatives to paper-based methods of communication and storageof information,
• To facilitate electronic filing of documents with the Government agencies
• To amend the Indian Penal Code, the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the Banker's BookEvidence Act, 1891 and the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
• Aims to provide for the legal framework so that legal sanctity is accorded to all electronicrecords and other activities carried out by electronic means.
According to the Indian IT Act, 2000 the various Cyber offences are:
• Tampering with computer source documents
• Hacking with computer system
• Publishing of information which is obscene in electronic form
• Not to obey the direction of Controller
• Directions of Controller to a subscriber extend facilities to decrypt information
• Intrusion into protected system
• Penal action for misrepresentation
• Breach of confidentiality and privacy
• Publishing digital signature certificate false in certain particular etc.
• Act to apply for offence or contravention committed outside India and
• Confiscation
THE IT ACT, 2000 – POSITIVE ASPECTS
Legality of Email:
• E-mail will now be a valid and legal form of communication in our country.
• Can be duly produced and proved in a court of law.
India's strategy for prevention of Computer Crimes
• Stipulating the offences which would constitute Computer crimes.
• Identification of domestic criminal law for possible amendments to meet the requirementsof prevention of computer related crimes.
• Improving international collaborations.
• Effective prosecution under the existing criminal law.
• Adaptation and classification of OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation andDevelopment) guidelines.
• Development of Security guidelines and manuals for implementation of such guidelines.Crimes Prevention under the IT Act.• Chapter IX provides for Penalties and Adjudication.
• Chapter XI provides for Offences.
The object of IT Act is to protect:
• All electronic systems for intrusion;
• Privacy of certain messages;
• protect the computer system from unauthorized access
The object of IT Act is to ensure:
• Compliance to the provisions of the Act;
• Non-publishing of obscene information.
• Assistance in the decrypting information in the interest of state and crime control.
The Act also aims at preventing misrepresentation, falsity and fraud and provides for penalty.
Information Technology Act & Indian Penal Code
• All cyber crimes do not come under the IT Act.
• Many cyber crimes come under the Indian Penal Code.
Sending threatening messages by email
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Section 506 IPC
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Sending defamatory messages by email
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Section 499 IPC
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Forgery of electronic records
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Section 465 IPC
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Bogus websites, cyber frauds
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Section 420 IPC
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Email spoofing
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Section 465, 419 IPC
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Web-jacking
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Section 383 IPC
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Online sale of narcotics
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NDPS Act
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Online sale of weapons
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Arms Act
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Hacking
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Section 66 IT Act
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Pornography
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Section 67 IT Act
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Email bombing
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Section 66 IT Act
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Denial of Service attacks
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Section 43 IT Act
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Virus attacks
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Section 43, 66 IT Act
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Salami attacks
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Section 66 IT Act
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Logic bombs
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Section 43, 66 IT Act
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I.T. ACT 2000 - Overall Perspectives
The IT Act is a first step taken by the Government of India towards promoting the growth of e-commerce.
It is a first historical step.
Information Technology Act 2000
Introduction of Information Technology Act 2000
Information technology is one of the important law relating to Indian cyber laws. It had passed in Indian parliament in 2000. This act is helpful to promote business with the help of internet. It also set of rules and regulations which apply on any electronic business transaction.
Due to increasing crime in cyber space, Govt. of India understood the problems of internet user and for safeguarding the interest of internet users, this act was made.
The following are its main objectives and scope:-
1. It is objective of I.T. Act 2000 to give legal recognition to any transaction which is done by electronic way or use of internet.
2. To give legal recognition to digital signature for accepting any agreement via computer.
3. To provide facility of filling document online relating to school admission or registration in employment exchange.
4. According to I.T. Act 2000, any company can store their data in electronic storage.
5. To stop computer crime and protect privacy of internet users.
6. To give legal recognition for keeping books of accounts by bankers and other companies in electronic form.
7. To make more power to IPO, RBI and Indian Evidence act for restricting electronic crime.
Scope
Every electronic information is under the scope of I.T. Act 2000 but following electronic transaction is not under I.T. Act 2000
1. Information technology act 2000 is not applicable on the attestation for creating trust via electronic way. Physical attestation is must.
2. I.T. Act 2000 is not applicable on the attestation for making will of any body. Physical attestation by two witnesses is must.
3. A contract of sale of any immovable property.
4. Attestation for giving power of attorney of property is not possible via electronic record.
Highlights the main chapters of I.T. Act 2000 or its main provisions:-
There are 13 chapters in law and all provision is included in this chapters.
1. Chapter II
Any contract which is done by subscriber. If he signs the electronic agreement by digital signature. Then it will be valid.
In case bank, the verification of digital signature can be on the basis of key pair.
2. Chapter III
This chapter explains the detail that all electronic records of govt. are acceptable unless any other law has any rules regarding written or printed record.
3. Chapter IV
This chapter deals with receipts or acknowledgement of any electronic record. Every electronic record has any proof that is called receipt and it should be in the hand who records electronic way.
4. Chapter V
This chapter powers to organization for securing the electronic records and secure digital signature. They can secure by applying any new verification system.
5. Chapter VI
This chapter states that govt. of India will appoint controller of certifying authorities and he will control all activities of certifying authorities.
“Certifying authority is that authority who issues digital signature certificate.”
6. Chapter VII
In this chapter powers and duties of certifying authority is given. Certifying authority will issue digital signature certification after getting Rs. 25000. If it is against public interest, then C.A. can suspend the digital signature certificate.
7. Chapter VIII
This chapter tells about the duties of subscribers regarding digital signature certificate . It is the duty of subscriber to accept that all information in digital signature certificate that is within his knowledge is true .
8. Chapter IX
If any body or group of body damages the computers , computer systems and computer networks by electronic hacking , then they are responsible to pay penalty upto Rs. 1 crore . Fore judgment this , govt. can appoint adjucating officer .
9. Chapter X
Under this chapter, cyber regulation appellate tribunal can be established. It will solve the cases relating to orders of adjudicating officers.
10. Chapter XI
For controlling cyber Crime, Govt. can appoint cyber regulation advisory committee who will check all cyber crime relating to publishing others information. If any fault is done by anybody, he will be responsible for paying Rs. 2 lakhs or he can get punishment of 3 years living in jail or both prison and penalty can be given to cyber criminal.
11. Chapter XII
Police officers have also power to investigate dangerous cyber crime under IPC 1860 , Indian Evidence Act 1872 and RBI Act 1934 .
Advantages of I.T. Act 2000
1. Helpful to promote e-commerce
• Email is valid
• Digital signature is valid.
• Payment via credit card is valid.
• Online contract is valid
Above all things validity in eye of Indian law is very necessary. After making IT act 2000 , all above things are valid and these things are very helpful to promote e-commerce in India .
2. Enhance the corporate business
After issuing digital signature, certificate by Certifying authority, now Indian corporate business can enhance.
3. Filling online forms :-
After providing facility, filling online forms for different purposes has become so easy.
4. High penalty for cyber crime
Law has power to penalize for doing any cyber crime. After making of this law, nos. of cyber crime has reduced.
Shortcoming of I.T. Act 2000
1. Infringement of copyright has not been included in this law.
2. No protection for domain names.
3. The act is not applicable on the power of attorney, trusts and will.
4. Act is silent on taxation.
5. No, provision of payment of stamp duty on electronic documents.
Information technology is one of the important law relating to Indian cyber laws. It had passed in Indian parliament in 2000. This act is helpful to promote business with the help of internet. It also set of rules and regulations which apply on any electronic business transaction.
Due to increasing crime in cyber space, Govt. of India understood the problems of internet user and for safeguarding the interest of internet users, this act was made.
The following are its main objectives and scope:-
1. It is objective of I.T. Act 2000 to give legal recognition to any transaction which is done by electronic way or use of internet.
2. To give legal recognition to digital signature for accepting any agreement via computer.
3. To provide facility of filling document online relating to school admission or registration in employment exchange.
4. According to I.T. Act 2000, any company can store their data in electronic storage.
5. To stop computer crime and protect privacy of internet users.
6. To give legal recognition for keeping books of accounts by bankers and other companies in electronic form.
7. To make more power to IPO, RBI and Indian Evidence act for restricting electronic crime.
Scope
Every electronic information is under the scope of I.T. Act 2000 but following electronic transaction is not under I.T. Act 2000
1. Information technology act 2000 is not applicable on the attestation for creating trust via electronic way. Physical attestation is must.
2. I.T. Act 2000 is not applicable on the attestation for making will of any body. Physical attestation by two witnesses is must.
3. A contract of sale of any immovable property.
4. Attestation for giving power of attorney of property is not possible via electronic record.
Highlights the main chapters of I.T. Act 2000 or its main provisions:-
There are 13 chapters in law and all provision is included in this chapters.
1. Chapter II
Any contract which is done by subscriber. If he signs the electronic agreement by digital signature. Then it will be valid.
In case bank, the verification of digital signature can be on the basis of key pair.
2. Chapter III
This chapter explains the detail that all electronic records of govt. are acceptable unless any other law has any rules regarding written or printed record.
3. Chapter IV
This chapter deals with receipts or acknowledgement of any electronic record. Every electronic record has any proof that is called receipt and it should be in the hand who records electronic way.
4. Chapter V
This chapter powers to organization for securing the electronic records and secure digital signature. They can secure by applying any new verification system.
5. Chapter VI
This chapter states that govt. of India will appoint controller of certifying authorities and he will control all activities of certifying authorities.
“Certifying authority is that authority who issues digital signature certificate.”
6. Chapter VII
In this chapter powers and duties of certifying authority is given. Certifying authority will issue digital signature certification after getting Rs. 25000. If it is against public interest, then C.A. can suspend the digital signature certificate.
7. Chapter VIII
This chapter tells about the duties of subscribers regarding digital signature certificate . It is the duty of subscriber to accept that all information in digital signature certificate that is within his knowledge is true .
8. Chapter IX
If any body or group of body damages the computers , computer systems and computer networks by electronic hacking , then they are responsible to pay penalty upto Rs. 1 crore . Fore judgment this , govt. can appoint adjucating officer .
9. Chapter X
Under this chapter, cyber regulation appellate tribunal can be established. It will solve the cases relating to orders of adjudicating officers.
10. Chapter XI
For controlling cyber Crime, Govt. can appoint cyber regulation advisory committee who will check all cyber crime relating to publishing others information. If any fault is done by anybody, he will be responsible for paying Rs. 2 lakhs or he can get punishment of 3 years living in jail or both prison and penalty can be given to cyber criminal.
11. Chapter XII
Police officers have also power to investigate dangerous cyber crime under IPC 1860 , Indian Evidence Act 1872 and RBI Act 1934 .
Advantages of I.T. Act 2000
1. Helpful to promote e-commerce
• Email is valid
• Digital signature is valid.
• Payment via credit card is valid.
• Online contract is valid
Above all things validity in eye of Indian law is very necessary. After making IT act 2000 , all above things are valid and these things are very helpful to promote e-commerce in India .
2. Enhance the corporate business
After issuing digital signature, certificate by Certifying authority, now Indian corporate business can enhance.
3. Filling online forms :-
After providing facility, filling online forms for different purposes has become so easy.
4. High penalty for cyber crime
Law has power to penalize for doing any cyber crime. After making of this law, nos. of cyber crime has reduced.
Shortcoming of I.T. Act 2000
1. Infringement of copyright has not been included in this law.
2. No protection for domain names.
3. The act is not applicable on the power of attorney, trusts and will.
4. Act is silent on taxation.
5. No, provision of payment of stamp duty on electronic documents.
The Genesis and Objective of IT legislation in India:
The Genesis of IT legislation in India:
Mid 90’s saw an impetus in globalization and computerisation,
with more and more nations computerizing their governance, and e-commerce seeing an enormous
growth. Until then, most of international trade and transactions were done through documents being
transmitted through post and by telex only. Evidences and records, until then, were predominantly
paper evidences and paper records or other forms of hard-copies only. With much of international trade
being done through electronic communication and with email gaining momentum, an urgent and
imminent need was felt for recognizing electronic records ie the data what is stored in a computer or an
external storage attached thereto.
The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted the Model Law on
e-commerce in 1996. The General Assembly of United Nations passed a resolution in January 1997
inter alia, recommending all States in the UN to give favourable considerations to the said Model Law,
which provides for recognition to electronic records and according it the same treatment like a paper
communication and record.
Objectives of I.T. legislation in India: .
It is against this background the Government of India
enacted its Information Technology Act 2000 with the objectives as follows, stated in the preface to the
Act itself.
“to provide legal recognition for transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and
other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "electronic commerce", which
involve the use of alternatives to paper-based methods of communication and storage of information, to
facilitate electronic filing of documents with the Government agencies and further to amend the Indian
Penal Code, the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891 and the Reserve
Bank of India Act, 1934 and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.”
The Information Technology Act, 2000, was thus passed as the Act No.21 of 2000, got President assent
on 9 June and was made effective from 17 October 2000.
The Act essentially deals with the following issues:
Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents
Legal Recognition of Digital Signatures
Offenses and Contraventions
Justice Dispensation Systems for cyber crimes.
