POLITICAL SCIENCE FOR UPSC ASPIRANTS
Meaning of Political Science
Political Science is that part of social science which deals with the foundations of the state
and the principles of the government. According to J W Garner, “Politics begins and ends
with the state.” Similarly, R G Gettel wrote that Politics is the “study of the state in the
past, present and future”. Harold J Laski stated in the same vein that the study of Politics
concerns itself with the life of men and women in relation to organized state. Thus as a
social science, Political Science deals with those aspects of individuals in society which
relate to their activities and organizations devoted to seeking of power, resolution of conflicts
and all these, within an overall framework of the rule and law as laid down by the state.
Changing Meaning of Political Science
The term Politics is derived from the Greek word polis which means city-state. That is
why many commentators, as you saw, rightly define Politics in terms of the state or
government. However, this definition does not exhaust the meaning of Politics. Politics
also deals with power. Harold D. Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan define Political Science
as “the study of shaping and sharing of power”. In a word, Politics deals with both state
and power. However, the power that Political Science deals with is, more often than not,
the legitimate power. Since science is the systematic study of any phenomenon through
observation and experiment, it follows that Political Science studies the state and power in
all their aspects. You will learn more about the state and power later in this lesson.
Political Science deals with both empirical facts and normative issues. Facts are in the
domain of “what is” and value preferences are in the domain of “what should be.” For
example, if somebody says India is a parliamentary democracy, he or she is making a
statement of empirical fact. This is what India today actually is. But if she or he were to
make a statement like the one that India should switch over to presidential form of
democracy, the statement would be a normative one. Political Science is not satisfied with
describing the state of affairs, it wants to change or improve upon them. Empirical statements
are true or false by virtue of what observation shows to be the case. Evaluative statements
are ethical/moral imperatives, which are often said not to be true or false in any sense at
all. Formal statements (such as the propositions of mathematics) are true or false by virtue
of the meanings of their constituent terms alone. Political Philosophy deals with formal
statements. Political Science deals with empirical statements and also evaluates the existing
political institutions, practices and focuses on how to improve them.
Growth of the Discipline of Political Science
Systematic study of Politics started with the Greeks in the fourth century BC. Philosophers
like Plato and Aristotle used it in the most comprehensive sense. Aristotle called Politics a
“master science”. For him, it comprised of not only the institutions of state or government
but also family, property and other social institutions. Politics, for the Greeks, was an allencompassing
activity.
The ancient Greek view about Political Science was mainly ethical. In contrast, the ancient Romans considered the legal aspect of Politics more important for their governance. Individual and the State
During the Middle Ages, Political Science became a branch of religious order of the Church.
Political authority was, then, subordinated to the authority of the Church.
Normally a lay man associates Politics with party politics. But as students of
Political Science, we know that Politics is much larger than that: it is
systematic study of state and power.
As the state grew in size and became more complex, Political Science acquired a realistic
and secular (non-religious) approach. After the Industrial Revolution, the role of the State,
which was limited to maintenance of law and order and providing defence against external
aggression, underwent considerable changes with the emergence of the new economic
system called capitalism.
In the twentieth century, after the Second World War, the ‘behavioural approach’ offered
a new dimension of Political Science. The behavioural movement in American Political
Science in the 1950s and the 1960s placed a lot of emphasis on the ‘science’ part of
Politics. It wanted to model Politics after the methods followed by natural sciences like
Physics, Botany, etc. The behaviouralists built theory inductively from empirical propositions.
Those who follow inductive method would come to the conclusion after study, observation
and experiment. For example, when some behaviouralists saw African-Americans (Blacks)
of the southern United States of America (USA) voted for the Democratic Party of the
United States, they came to the conclusion that the African-Americans do vote for the
Democrats.
This behavioural approach shifted the focus of its study from political institutions and
structures to their functions. It placed stress on political activity and the behaviour of men
and women who control these institutions. It replaced the study of ideas by the study of
facts, evidence and behaviour. It considered political activity manifested in behaviour as
the true subject of Political Science.
A political activity may be in the form of an individual contesting an election. It may be the
activity of a group seeking the adoption of a particular policy in its favour by the government.
As different people pursue different interests, such activities tend to generate disagreement,
competition and conflict. But the distinctive quality of Politics is that it includes physical
coercion or force by the government. It may and usually does involve the persuasive
influence and effort of the government to resolve conflicts through its balanced policy
decisions.
Politics is also viewed as a process whereby individuals, groups or communities seek to
achieve their specific but conflicting goals. Politics, as the process, seeks to allocate
resources (Easton calls it, values) authoritatively.
Politics, as the study of structures, institutions, processes and activities, recognizes the
possibility of the use of power. The Marxist approach, which is derived from the writings
of the nineteenth century German philosopher Karl Marx, views Politics as a study of
irreconcilable conflicts between the two classes ‘haves’ (those who have private property,
or simply the rich) and the ‘have-nots’ (those who do not have any private property, or
simply the poor); in other words, the exploiters and the exploited. The emancipation of the
have-nots will come only through a revolution which would put an end to the institution of
private property, thus changing the class society to the classless society. But Politics, as
against the Marxist view, has another view also, the liberal view, according to which
Political Science is that part of social science which deals with the foundations of the state
and the principles of the government. According to J W Garner, “Politics begins and ends
with the state.” Similarly, R G Gettel wrote that Politics is the “study of the state in the
past, present and future”. Harold J Laski stated in the same vein that the study of Politics
concerns itself with the life of men and women in relation to organized state. Thus as a
social science, Political Science deals with those aspects of individuals in society which
relate to their activities and organizations devoted to seeking of power, resolution of conflicts
and all these, within an overall framework of the rule and law as laid down by the state.
Changing Meaning of Political Science
The term Politics is derived from the Greek word polis which means city-state. That is
why many commentators, as you saw, rightly define Politics in terms of the state or
government. However, this definition does not exhaust the meaning of Politics. Politics
also deals with power. Harold D. Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan define Political Science
as “the study of shaping and sharing of power”. In a word, Politics deals with both state
and power. However, the power that Political Science deals with is, more often than not,
the legitimate power. Since science is the systematic study of any phenomenon through
observation and experiment, it follows that Political Science studies the state and power in
all their aspects. You will learn more about the state and power later in this lesson.
Political Science deals with both empirical facts and normative issues. Facts are in the
domain of “what is” and value preferences are in the domain of “what should be.” For
example, if somebody says India is a parliamentary democracy, he or she is making a
statement of empirical fact. This is what India today actually is. But if she or he were to
make a statement like the one that India should switch over to presidential form of
democracy, the statement would be a normative one. Political Science is not satisfied with
describing the state of affairs, it wants to change or improve upon them. Empirical statements
are true or false by virtue of what observation shows to be the case. Evaluative statements
are ethical/moral imperatives, which are often said not to be true or false in any sense at
all. Formal statements (such as the propositions of mathematics) are true or false by virtue
of the meanings of their constituent terms alone. Political Philosophy deals with formal
statements. Political Science deals with empirical statements and also evaluates the existing
political institutions, practices and focuses on how to improve them.
Growth of the Discipline of Political Science
Systematic study of Politics started with the Greeks in the fourth century BC. Philosophers
like Plato and Aristotle used it in the most comprehensive sense. Aristotle called Politics a
“master science”. For him, it comprised of not only the institutions of state or government
but also family, property and other social institutions. Politics, for the Greeks, was an allencompassing
activity.
The ancient Greek view about Political Science was mainly ethical. In contrast, the ancient Romans considered the legal aspect of Politics more important for their governance. Individual and the State
During the Middle Ages, Political Science became a branch of religious order of the Church.
Political authority was, then, subordinated to the authority of the Church.
Normally a lay man associates Politics with party politics. But as students of
Political Science, we know that Politics is much larger than that: it is
systematic study of state and power.
As the state grew in size and became more complex, Political Science acquired a realistic
and secular (non-religious) approach. After the Industrial Revolution, the role of the State,
which was limited to maintenance of law and order and providing defence against external
aggression, underwent considerable changes with the emergence of the new economic
system called capitalism.
In the twentieth century, after the Second World War, the ‘behavioural approach’ offered
a new dimension of Political Science. The behavioural movement in American Political
Science in the 1950s and the 1960s placed a lot of emphasis on the ‘science’ part of
Politics. It wanted to model Politics after the methods followed by natural sciences like
Physics, Botany, etc. The behaviouralists built theory inductively from empirical propositions.
Those who follow inductive method would come to the conclusion after study, observation
and experiment. For example, when some behaviouralists saw African-Americans (Blacks)
of the southern United States of America (USA) voted for the Democratic Party of the
United States, they came to the conclusion that the African-Americans do vote for the
Democrats.
This behavioural approach shifted the focus of its study from political institutions and
structures to their functions. It placed stress on political activity and the behaviour of men
and women who control these institutions. It replaced the study of ideas by the study of
facts, evidence and behaviour. It considered political activity manifested in behaviour as
the true subject of Political Science.
A political activity may be in the form of an individual contesting an election. It may be the
activity of a group seeking the adoption of a particular policy in its favour by the government.
As different people pursue different interests, such activities tend to generate disagreement,
competition and conflict. But the distinctive quality of Politics is that it includes physical
coercion or force by the government. It may and usually does involve the persuasive
influence and effort of the government to resolve conflicts through its balanced policy
decisions.
Politics is also viewed as a process whereby individuals, groups or communities seek to
achieve their specific but conflicting goals. Politics, as the process, seeks to allocate
resources (Easton calls it, values) authoritatively.
Politics, as the study of structures, institutions, processes and activities, recognizes the
possibility of the use of power. The Marxist approach, which is derived from the writings
of the nineteenth century German philosopher Karl Marx, views Politics as a study of
irreconcilable conflicts between the two classes ‘haves’ (those who have private property,
or simply the rich) and the ‘have-nots’ (those who do not have any private property, or
simply the poor); in other words, the exploiters and the exploited. The emancipation of the
have-nots will come only through a revolution which would put an end to the institution of
private property, thus changing the class society to the classless society. But Politics, as
against the Marxist view, has another view also, the liberal view, according to which
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